Trance
TRANCE (through the French, from Lat. transilus, from Iransire, to cross, pass over) , a term used very loosely in popular speech to denote any kind of sleeplike state that seems to present obvious differences from normal sleep; in medical and scientific literature the meaning is but little better defined. In its original usage the word no doubt implied that the soul of the entranced person was temporarily withdrawn or passed away from the body, in accordance with the belief almost universally held by uncultured peoples in the possibility of such withdrawal. But the word is now commonly applied to a variety of sleeplike states without the implication of this theory; ordinary sleepwalking, extreme cases of melancholic lethargy and of anergic stupor, the deeper stages of hypnosis (see HYPNOTISM), the Year ending Dec. 31 (com- Years ended June 30.
panies) and March 31 (local authorities).
1878.
1886.
1898.
1902.
1907-1908 Total capital authorized 6,586,111 17,640,488 24,435,427 51,677,471 91,305.439 Total capital expended 4,207,350 12,573,041 16,492,869 31,562,267 68,199,918 Length of route open (miles)
865 1,064 1,484 2,464 Number of horses 9,222 24-535 38,777 24,120 5-288 Number of locomotive engines 1zz 89 Number of cars 1,124 3-44 5-335 7,752 10,908 Total number of passengers carried .... Quantity of electrical energy used, B.O.T. units Gross receipts I46,OOI,223 l,099,27I 384,157,524 2,630,338 858,485,524 4,560,126 1,394,452,983 6,679,291 2,625,532,895 431,969,119 12,439,625 Working expenditure 868,315 2,021,556 3,507,895 4,817,873 7,792,663 Net receipts 230,956 608,782 1,052,231 1,861,418 4,646,962 The total figures at the date of the return are summarized in the following table, which is accompanied by one showing the lengths of line worked by various methods of traction :
cataleptic state, the ecstasy of religious enthusiasts, the selfinduced dream-like condition of the medicine-men, wizards or priests of many savage and barbarous peoples, and the abnormal Capital expenditure Total expendi- Length open for traffic.
No. of open for traffic.
account.
Double.
Single.
Total.
takings.
Ch.
Ch.
Ch.
Tramways and light railways belonging to local authorities Tramways and light railways belonging to com- 32,978,5/9 44,920,317 III3 505 1619 177 panies and private individuals 18,641, 279 1 23,279,601 1zz 6 Total United Kingdom 51,619,858 68,199,918 1522 941 2464 305 Table showing lengths worked by various methods of traction :
Method of traction.
England and Scotland.
Ireland.
Total.
Electric Steam . Cable . . . Gas motors . Horse .
Total.
1922 22 4 82 66 67 49 2 60 M. 235 22 Ch. 35 72 28 M. 127 29 . < Ch. 69 45 5 M. 2286 52 27 4 94 Ch. IO 32 41 2 13 2037 1zz 9 2461 1zz These figures include cost of buildings and equipment in respect of certain local authorities' lines worked in conjunction with other lines.
state into which many of the mediums of modern spiritualistic seances seem to fall almost at will; all these are commonly spoken of as trance, or trance-like, states. There are no wellmarked and characteristic physical symptoms of the trance state, though in many cases the pulse and respiration are slowed, and the reflexes diminished or abolished.. The common feature which more than any other determines the application of the name seems to be a relative or complete temporary indifference to impressions made on the sense-organs, while yet the entranced person gives evidence in one way or another, either by the expression of his features, his attitudes and movements, his speech, or by subsequent relation of his experiences, that his condition is not one of simple quiescence or arrest of mental life, such as characterizes the state of normal deep sleep and the coma produced by defective cerebral circulation by toxic substances in the blood or by mechanical violence done to the brain.
If we refuse the name trance to ordinary sleep-walking, to normal dreaming, to catalepsy, to the hypnotic state and to stupor, there remain two different states that seem to have equal claims to the name; these may be called the ecstatic trance and the trance of mediumship respectively.
The ecstatic trance is usually characterized by an outward appearance of rapt, generally joyful, contemplation; the subject seems to lose touch for the time being with the world of things and persons about him, owing to the extreme concentration of his attention upon some image or train of imagery, which in most cases seems to assume an hallucinatory character (see HALLUCINATION). In most cases, though not in all, the subject remembers in returning to his normal state the nature of his ecstatic vision or other experience, of which a curiously frequent character is the radiance or sense of brilliant luminosity.
In the mediumistic trance the subject generally seems to fall into a profound sleep and to retain, on returning to his normal condition, no memory of any experience during the period of the trance. But in spite of the seeming unconsciousness of the subject, his movements, generally of speech or writing, express, either spontaneously or in response to verbal interrogation, intelligence and sometimes even great intellectual and emotional activity. In many cases the parts of the body not directly concerned in these expressions remain in a completely lethargic condition, the eyes being closed, the muscles of neck, trunk and limbs relaxed, and the breathing stertorous.
Trances of these two types seem to have occurred sporadically (occasionally almost epidemically) amongst almost all peoples in all ages. And everywhere popular thought has interpreted them in the same ways. In the ecstatic trance the soul is held to have transcended the bounds of space or time, and to have enjoyed a vision of some earthly event distant in space or tune, or of some supernatural Sphere or being. The mediumistic trance, on the other hand, popular thought interprets as due to the withdrawal of the soul from the body and the taking of its place, the taking possession of the body, by some other soul or spirit; for not infrequently the speech or writing produced by the organs of the entranced subject seems to be, or actually claims to be, the expression of a personality quite other than that of the sleeper. It is noteworthy that in almost all past ages the possessing spirit has been regarded in the great majority of cases as an evil and non-human spirit; whereas in modern times the possessing spirit has usually been regarded as, and often claims to be, the soul or spirit of some deceased human being. Modern science, in accordance with its materialistic and positive tendencies, has rejected these popular interpretations. It inclines to see in the ecstatic trance a case of hallucination induced by prolonged and intense occupation with some emotionally exciting idea, the whole mind becoming so concentrated upon some image in which the idea is bodied forth as to bring all other mental functions into abeyance. The mediumistic trance it regards as a state similar to deep hypnosis, and seeks to explain it by the application of the notion of cerebral or mental dissociation in one or other of its many current forms; this assimilation finds strong support in the many points of resemblance between the deeper stages of hypnosis and the mediumistic trance, and in the fact that the artificially and deliberately induced state may be connected with the spontaneously occurring trance state by a series of States which form an insensible gradation between them. A striking feature of the mediumistic trance is the frequent occurrence of " automatic " speech and writing; and this feature especially may be regarded as warranting the application of the theory of mental dissociation for its explanation, for such automatic speech and writing are occasionally produced by a considerable number of apparently healthy persons while in a waking condition which presents little or no other symptom of abnormality. In these cases the subject hears his own words, or sees the movement of his hand and his own hand writing, as he hears or sees those of another person, having no sense of initiating or controlling the movements and no anticipatory awareness of the thoughts expressed by the movements. When, as hi the majority of cases, such movements merely give fragmentary expression to ideas or facts that have been assimilated by the subject at some earlier date, though perhaps seemingly completely forgotten by him, the theory of mental dissociation affords a plausible and moderately satisfactory explanation of the movements; it regards them as due to the control of ideas or memories which somehow have become detached or loosened from the main system of ideas and tendencies that make up the normal personality, and which operate in more or less complete detachment; and the application of the theory is in many cases further justified by the fact that the " dissociated " ideas and memories seem in some cases to become taken up again by, or reincorporated with, the normal personality.
But in recent years a new interest has been given to the study of the mediumistic trance by careful investigations (made with a competence that commands respect) which tend to re-establish the old savage theory of possession, just when it seemed to have become merely an anthropological curiosity. These investigations have been conducted for the most part by members of the Society for Psychical Research, and their most striking results have been obtained by the prolonged study of the automatic speech and writing of the American medium, Mrs Piper. In this case the medium passes into a trance state apparently at will, and during the trance the organs of speech or the hand usually express what purport to be messages from the spirits of deceased relatives or friends of those who are present. A number of competent and highly critical observers have arrived at the conviction that these messages often comprise statements of facts that could not have come to the knowledge of the medium in any normal fashion ; and those who are reluctant to accept the hypothesis of " possession " find that they can reject it only at the cost of assuming the operation of telepathy (q.v.) in an astonishing and unparalleled fashion. During 1907-1908 the investigation was directed to the obtaining of communications which should not be explicable by the most extended use of the hypothesis of telepathic communication from the minds of living persons. The plan adopted was to seek for " cross-correspondences " between the communications of the Piper " controls " and the automatic writings of several other persons which claimed to be directed by the same disembodied spirits; i.e. it was sought to find in the automatic writings of two or more individuals passages each of which in itself would be fragmentary and unintelligible, but which, taken in connexion with similar fragments contemporaneously produced by another and distant writer, should form a significant whole; for it is argued that such passages would constitute irrefutable evidence of the operation of a third intelligence or personality distinct from that of either medium. The results published up to 1909 seem to show that this attempt met with striking success; and they constitute a body of evidence in favour of the hypothesis of possession which no impartial and unprejudiced mind can lightly set aside. Nevertheless, so long as it is possible to believe, as so many of the most competent workers in this field believe, that dissociated fragments of a personality may become synthesized to form a secondary and as it were parasitic personality capable of assuming temporary control of the organs of expression, and so long as we can set no limits to the scope of telepathic communication between embodied minds, lit would seem wellnigh impossible, even by the aid of fliis novel and ingenious plan of investigation, to achieve completely convincing evidence in favour of the hypothesis of "possession."
LITERATURE. F. Podmore, Modern Spiritualism (London, 1502); F. W. H. Myers, Human Personality and its Survival of Bodily Death (London, 1903) ; Morton Prince, The Dissociation of a Personality (London, 1906). See also various articles in Grenzfragen des Nervenund Seelenlebens, edited by L. Loewenfeld and H. Kurella (Wiesbaden, iqoo), especially the article " Somnambulismus und Spiritismus "; also articles in Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, especially pts. liii., Iv. and Ivii., and in the Journ. of Abnormal Psychology, edited by Morton Prince (Boston, 1906-1909) ; also literature cited under AUTOMATISM; HYPNOTISM; MEDIUM; TELEPATHY and POSSESSION. (W. Me D.)
Note - this article incorporates content from Encyclopaedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, (1910-1911)
